Suchergebnisse

In Victorian England, the phrase "little stranger" was used to refer to the unborn child one had not yet met. Though it has fallen out of use today, the expression is not inapt for describing the children who enter new families, new ethnic or cultural identities, new social classes, and new nations via international adoption. Over time, and through a series of social practices designed both to "kin" the child and parents, siblings, and other relatives and to explain the child's presence to an inquisitive public, the "little stranger" comes to be more or less incorporated and acculturated: less strange, more familiar. Because international adoption makes those processes visible through its very unfamiliarity and its recourse to legal and cultural strategies, it has become a centerpiece of recent writing on kinship, reproduction, and childhood (Yngvesson 2010; Marre and Briggs 2009; Kim 2010; Wade 2007; Howell 2006; Marre and Bestard 2004; Dorow 2006; Bowie 2004; Volkman 2005; Howell 2009; Leinaweaver and Seligmann 2009; Hübinette and Tigervall 2009; Briggs 2012).

ABSTRACT  In 2009, Claude Lévi‐Strauss died at the age of 100. In this article, I draw on frameworks that were central to his work to structure my discussion of the key themes in cultural anthropology publications over the past year. The four subjects I consider in this review are kinship, taxonomy, bricolage, and traveling.

En investigaciones previas sobre el acogimiento familiar y la adopción en Ayacucho, se ha podido descubrir cómo los ayacuchanos adquieren y producen relaciones sociales. Mientras negocian creativamente los discursos y espacios construidos simultáneamente por instituciones, comunidades, y estructuras sociales, van adquiriendo nuevas formas de relacionarse. Este artículo discute el proceso opuesto: el deshacerse de relaciones de parentesco, y el proceso social del abandono o alejamiento. Cuando se aleja a una persona de su familia o su comunidad, los que se quedan en ella llegan a entenderse como ciertos tipos de personas. En los estudios de caso discutidos aquí, recopilados a través de una detallada y cuidadosa observación participante y de entrevistas etnográficas grabadas entre 2001 y 2007, se puede ver cómo, después de un alejamiento social, los individuos que alejan se reinterpretan como sujetos que se encuentran superándose o volviéndose moderno, o bien sacrificándose.

ResumenEn este artículo examino la gratitud y la ingratitud como herramientas analíticas valiosas para determinar cómo las desigualdades sociales le dan forma a las prácticas de parentesco. Acusar a un pariente de ingratitud revela los límites y las líneas de falla del parentesco, así como también expectativas estrechamente relacionadas sobre qué debe ser dado, cómo debe ser dado y cómo debe ser recibido. Como tal, este ensayo sigue la línea de una valiosa tradición antropológica de unificar los análisis del don y del parentesco. Argumento que expresiones de y discursos sobre la gratitud y la ingratitud remiten muy de cerca a dimensiones de relaciones sociales tales como el género, la generación y la clase social, y simultáneamente revelan tensiones dentro de las relaciones de parentesco donde el deber y la obligación son cuestionados. Los ejemplos etnográficos son tomados del trabajo de campo en Ayacucho, una pequeña ciudad en los Andes peruanos, donde la crianza adoptiva informal y las relaciones tensas entre hijos adultos y sus padres ancianos suministran dos esferas relacionadas de expresiones de ideas acerca de la gratitud y la ingratitud. Analizando estos dos ejemplos, argumento que la gratitud y la ingratitud son heurísticas analíticas, útiles para identificar y centrarse sobre dimensiones de relaciones que, según se entiende, caen dentro del dominio del parentesco, y son potencialmente útiles también en otros escenarios.Palabras clave: Parentesco, crianza, niñez, el don, Perú. Abstract. Towards an Anthropology of Ingratitude: Notes from Andean KinshipAccusations of ingratitude to kin reveal much about the edges and fault lines of kinship that would otherwise not be apparent. But equally, they reveal much that is unexpected about the gift – about expectations of what should be given and how it should be received. In this article, I bring together anthropological literature on the gift and on kinship in order to argue that expressions of gratitude or ingratitude index dimensions of social relations such as gender, generation, and social class, and simultaneously reveal tensions within kinship relations where duty and obligation are contested. Examples are drawn from fieldwork where informal fostering and the fraught relations between grown children and their aging parents provide arenas for analysis of expressions of gratitude and ingratitude. Analyzing these examples, I argue for gratitude as an analytical heuristic, useful to identify and focus upon dimensions of relations understood to fall within the domain of kinship, and potentially useful in other settings as well.Key words: fostering, childhood, the gift, the Andes. Referencias Alberti, Giorgio y Enrique Mayer (1974). Reciprocidad andina: Ayer y hoy. En G. Alberti y E. Mayer, eds., Reciprocidad e intercambio en los Andes peruanos. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 13–37. Anderson, Jeanine (2010). Incommensurable Worlds of Practice and Value: A View from the Shantytowns of Lima. En P. Gootenberg y L. Reygadas, eds., Indelible Inequalities in Latin America: Insights from History, Politics, and Culture. Durham, Duke University Press, 81–105. Appadurai, Arjun (1985). "Gratitude as a Social Mode in South India", Ethos 13, 3: 236–45. Arnold, Denise, ed. (1997). Gente de carne y hueso: Las tramas de parentesco en los Andes. La Paz, CIASE/ILCA. Bolin, Inge (2018) [2006]. Creciendo en una cultura de respeto. La crianza de los niños en la sierra peruana. Lima, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades. Bolton, Ralph y Enrique Mayer, eds. (1977). Andean Kinship and Marriage. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association. Borneman, John (1997). "Cuidar y ser cuidado: el desplazamiento del matrimonio, el parentesco, el género y la sexualidad", Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, 154. Versión digital. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/revista.oa?id=654 Candea, Matei y Giovanni Da Col (2012). "The Return to Hospitality", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18: S1–S19. Carsten, Janet (2000). Introduction: Cultures of Relatedness. En J. Carsten, ed., Cultures of Relatedness: New Approaches to the Study of Kinship. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1–36. Chodorow, Nancy (1978). The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley, University of California Press. Cohen, Lawrence (1998). No Aging in India: Alzheimer's, the Bad Family, and Other Modern Things. Berkeley, University of California Press. Cole, Jennifer y Deborah Lynn Durham (2006). Introduction: Age, Regeneration, and the Intimate Politics of Globalization. En J. Cole y D. L. Durham, eds., Generations and Globalization: Youth, Age, and Family in the New World Economy. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1–28. Collier, J. (2009) [1997]. Del deber al deseo. Recreando familias en un pueblo andaluz. México D. F., Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; Universidad Iberoamericana. Degregori, Carlos Ivan (1997). The Maturation of a Cosmocrat and the Building of a Discourse Community: The Case of Shining Path. En D. E. Apter, ed., The Legitimization of Violence. New York, New York University Press, 33–82. de la Cadena, Marisol (2014) [1998]. El racismo silencioso y la superioridad de los intelectuales en el Perú. En Hünefeldt, C., Méndez, C. y de la Cadena, M. Racismo y etnicidad. Lima, Ministerio de Cultura, 54-97. Derrida, Jacques (1995) [1991]. Dar (el) tiempo. Trad. Cristina de Peretti. Barcelona, Editorial Paidós. Díaz Gorfinkiel, Magdalena y Ángeles Escrivá (2012). "Care of Older People in Migration Contexts: Local and Transnational Arrangements between Peru and Spain", Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 19, 1: 129–41. di Leonardo, Micaela (1987). "The Female World of Cards and Holidays: Women, Families, and the Work of Kinship", Signs 12, 3: 440–53. Dubinsky, Karen (2010). Babies without Borders: Adoption and Migration across the Americas. Toronto, University of Toronto Press. Edwards, Jeanette (2000). Born and Bred: Idioms of Kinship and New Reproductive Technologies in England. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Emmons, Robert A. (2004). The Psychology of Gratitude: An Introduction. En R. A. Emmons y M. E. McCullough, eds., The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 3–16. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1976) [1937]. Brujería, magia y oráculos entre los azande. Trad. Antonio Desmonts. Barcelona, Editorial Anagrama. Favret-Saada, Jeanne (1980). Deadly Words: Witchcraft in the Bocage. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. García, María Elena (2005). Making Indigenous Citizens: Identity, Development, and Multicultural Activism in Peru. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Gilligan, Carol (1993) [1982]. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Gregory, C. A. (1980). "Gifts to Men and Gifts to God: Gift Exchange and Capital Accumulation in Contemporary Papua", Man, New Series 15, 4: 626–52. Gregory, C. A. (1982). Gifts and Commodities. Academic Press. Han, Clara (2004). "The Work of Indebtedness: The Traumatic Present of Late Capitalist Chile", Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 28, 2: 169–87. Harris, Olivia (2000). To Make the Earth Bear Fruit: Essays on Fertility, Work and Gender in Highland Bolivia. London, Institute of Latin American Studies. Hattori, Tomohisa (2003). "The Moral Politics of Foreign Aid", Review of International Studies 29, 2: 229–47. Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette y Ernestine Avila (1997). 'I'm here, but I'm there': The Meanings of Latina Transnational Motherhoo",. Gender & Society 11, 5: 548–71. Isbell, Billie Jean (1977). 'Those who love me': An Analysis of Andean Kinship and Reciprocity within a Ritual Context. En R. Bolton y E. Mayer, eds., Andean Kinship and Marriage. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association, 81–107. Isbell, Billie Jean. 2005 [1978]. Para defendernos: ecología y ritual en un pueblo andino. Cusco: CBC/Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de las Casas. Jurgens, Jeffrey T. (2009). Mobility Bargains, Transnational Gifts, and the Affective Economies of Turkish Diaspora. Ponencia presentado en American Ethnological Society/ Canadian Anthropological Society Annual Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia. Keane,Webb (2002). "Sincerity, "Modernity," and the Protestants", Cultural Anthropology 17, 1: 65–92. Komter, Aafke Elisabeth (2004). Gratitude and Gift Exchange. En R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough, eds., The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 195–212. Laidlaw, James (2003). "A Free Gift Makes No Friends", Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 6, 4: 617–34. Lallemand, Suzanne (1993). La circulation des enfants en société traditionnelle. Prêt, don, échange. Paris, L'Harmattan. Lambek, Michael (2011). "Kinship as Gift and Theft: Acts of Succession in Mayotte and Israel", American Ethnologist 38, 1: 2–16. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2008a). "Aging, Relatedness, and Social Abandonment in Highland Peru", Anthropology & Aging Quarterly 29, 2: 44–46, 58. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2008b). The Circulation of Children: Adoption, Kinship, and Morality in Andean Peru. Durham, Duke University Press. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2008c). "Improving Oneself: Young People Getting Ahead in the Peruvian Andes", Latin American Perspectives 35, 4: 60–78. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2009). "Caring for Aging Parents in Peru: Social Obligations and Economic Change", Anthropology News 50, 8: 14–15. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2010). "Outsourcing Care", Latin American Perspectives 37, 5: 67–87. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2011). "Kinship Paths to and from the New Europe: A Unified Analysis of Peruvian Adoption and Migration"., Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 16, 2: 380–400. Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2012) (2007). "El desplazamiento infantil: las implicaciones sociales de la circulación infantil en los Andes". Trad. Jessica Herrera, Script Nova. Revista electrónica de geografía y ciencias sociales. XVI, 395 (13). Disponible en http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-395/sn-395-13.htm Leinaweaver, Jessaca B. (2015) [2013]. La migración adoptiva: criando latinos en España. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1969) [1949]. Las estructuras elementales del parentesco. Trad. Marie Therése Cevasco. Barcelona, Editorial Paidós. Lutz, Catherine (2002). Feminist Emotions. En Jeanette M. Mageo, ed., Power and the Self. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 194–215. Lutz, Catherine y Lila Abu-Lughod (1990). Language and the Politics of Emotion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Malinowski, Bronislaw (1986) [1961]. Los argonautas del Pacífico occidental. Trad. Antonio J. Desmonts. Barcelona, Paneta-Agostini Mannheim, Bruce (1986). "The Language of Reciprocity in Southern Peruvian Quechua", Anthropological Linguistics 28, 3: 267–73. Mauss, Marcel (2009) [1925]. Ensayo sobre el don. Trad. Julia Bucci. Buenos Aires, Katz Editores. Mayer, Enrique (2001). El campesino articulado. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP). McCullough, Michael E. y Jo-Ann Tsang (2004). Parent of the Virtues? The Prosocial Contours of Gratitude. En R. A. Emmons y M. E. McCullough, eds., The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 123–41. Medick, Hans y David Warren Sabean (1984). Interest and Emotion in Family and Kinship Studies: A Critique of Social History and Anthropology. En H. Medick y D. W. Sabean, eds., Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 9–27. Miles, Ann (2004). From Cuenca to Queens: An Anthropological Story of Transnational Migration. Austin, University of Texas Press. Mintz, Sidney W. y Eric R. Wolf (1950). "An Analysis of Ritual Co-Parenthood (Compadrazgo)", Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6, 4: 341–68. Ong, Aihwa (2006). Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty. Durham, Duke University Press. Orlove, Benjamin y Glynn Custred (1980). The Alternative Model of Agrarian Society in the Andes: Households, Networks, and Corporate Groups. En B. Orlove and G. Custred, eds., Land and Power in Latin America. New York, Holmes and Meier, 31–54. Ossio, Juan M. (1984). Cultural Continuity, Structure, and Context: Some Peculiarities of the Andean Compadrazgo. En R. T. Smith, ed., Kinship Ideology and Practice in Latin America. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 118–46. Padilla, Mark (2007). Love and Globalization: Transformations of Intimacy in the Contemporary World. Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press. Parry, Jonathan P. (1986). The Gift, the Indian Gift and the 'Indian Gift.' Man 21, 3: 453–73. Parry, Jonathan P. (1989). On the Moral Perils of Exchange. En J. P. Parry y M. Bloch, eds., Money and the Morality of Exchange. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 64–93. Peletz, Michael G. (1995). "Kinship Studies in Late Twentieth-Century Anthropology", Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 343–72. Peletz, Michael G. (2001). Ambivalence in Kinship since the 1940s. En S. Franklin y S. McKinnon, eds., Relative Values: Reconfiguring Kinship Studies. Durham, Duke University Press, 413–43. Pribilsky, Jason (2007). La chulla vida: Gender, Migration, and the Family in Andean Ecuador and New York City. Syracuse, Syracuse University Press. Real Academia Española (2001). Diccionario de la lengua española. At: www.rae.es/. Rebhun, Linda-Anne (1999). The Heart Is Unknown Country: Love in the Changing Economy of Northeast Brazil. Stanford, Stanford University Press. Reddy, William M. (1999). "Emotional Liberty: Politics and History in the Anthropology of Emotions", Cultural Anthropology 14, 2: 256–88. Ricoeur, Paul (2005). The Course of Recognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Hay traducción al castellano: Ricouer, P. 2005. Caminos del reconocimiento: tres ensayos. Trad. Agustín Neira. Madrid, Trotta. Roberts, Elizabeth F. S. (2009). The Traffic between Women: Female Alliance and Familial Egg Donation in Ecuador. En D. Birenbaum-Carmeli y M. C. Inhorn, eds., Assisting Reproduction, Testing Genes: Global Encounters with New Biotechnologies. New York: Berghahn Books, 113–43. Roberts, Robert C. (2004). The Blessings of Gratitude: A Conceptual Analysis. En R. A. Emmons y M. E. McCullough, eds., The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 59–78. Ruddick, Sara (1989). Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Boston, Beacon Press. Russ, Ann Julienne (2008). "Love's Labor Paid For: Gift and Commodity at the Threshold of Death", Cultural Anthropology 20, 1: 128–55. Sanders, Todd (2008). Beyond Bodies: Rainmaking and Sense Making in Tanzania. Toronto, University of Toronto Press. Schneider, David M. (1980). American Kinship: A Cultural Account. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Schneider, David M. (1984). A Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. Schrauwers, Albert (1999). "Negotiating Parentage: The Political Economy of 'Kinship' in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia", American Ethnologist 26, 2: 310–23. Scott, James C. (1976). The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, Yale University Press. Smith, James Howard (2008). Bewitching Development: Witchcraft and the Reinvention of Development in Neoliberal Kenya. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll (1975). "The Female World of Love and Ritual: Relations between Women in Nineteenth-Century America", Signs 1, 1: 1–29. Solomon, Robert C. (1984). Getting Angry: The Jamesian Theory of Emotion in Anthropology. En R. A. Schweder y R. A. LeVine, eds., Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotions. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 238–54. Strathern, Marilyn (1985). "Kinship and Economy: Constitutive Orders of a Provisional Kind",American Ethnologist 12, 2: 191–209. Strathern, Marilyn (1992). After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Swanson, Kate (2010). Begging as a Path to Progress: Indigenous Women and Children and the Struggle for Ecuador's Urban Spaces. Athens, University of Georgia Press. Tedlock, Dennis y Bruce Mannheim (1995). The Dialogic Emergence of Culture. Urbana, University of Illinois Press. Theidon, Kimberly Susan (2004). Entre prójimos: el conflicto armado interno y la política de la reconciliación en el Perú. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. Thompson, E. P. (1995) [1971]. La economía "moral" de la multitud en la Inglaterra del siglo XVIII. En E. P. Thompson, Costumbres en común. Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 213-93. Thornton, Arland (2001). "The Developmental Paradigm, Reading History Sideways, and Family Change", Demography 38, 4: 449–65. Tripp, Aili Mari (1997). Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania. Berkeley, University of California Press. Turner, Victor W. (1964). "Witchcraft and Sorcery: Taxonomy versus Dynamics", Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 34, 4: 314–25. Valeri, Valerio (1994). "Buying Women but not Selling Them: Gift and Commodity Exchange in Huaulu Alliance", Man (New Series) 29, 1: 1–26. van Dijk, Diana (2012). Bending the Generational Rules: Agency of Children and Young People in 'Child-Headed' Households. En Not Just a Victim: The Child as Catalyst and Witness of Contemporary Africa. Leiden, Brill. Van Vleet, Krista E. (2008). Performing Kinship: Narrative, Gender, and the Intimacies of Power in the Andes. Austin, University of Texas Press. Walmsley, Emily (2008). "Raised by Another Mother: Informal Fostering and Kinship Ambiguities in Northwest Ecuador", Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 13, 1: 168–95. Weiner, Annette (1976). Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange. Austin, University of Texas Press. Weismantel, Mary (1988). Food, Gender, and Poverty in the Ecuadorian Andes. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Hay traducción al castellano: Weismantel, M. 1994. Alimentación, género y pobreza en los andes ecuatorianos. Quito, Ediciones Abya-Yala Weismantel, Mary (1995). "Making Kin: Kinship Theory and Zumbagua Adoptions", American Ethnologist 22, 4: 685–709. Weismantel, Mary (2001). Cholas and Pishtacos: Stories of Race and Sex in the Andes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hay traducción al castellano: Weismantel, M. 2017. Cholas y pishtacos. Relatos de raza y sexo en los Andes. Lima, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. White, Jenny B. (1994). Money Makes Us Relatives: Women's Labor in Urban Turkey. Austin, University of Texas Press. Whitten, Norman (1993) [1981]. Transformaciones culturales y etnicidad en la sierra ecuatoriana. Quito, Ecuador , USFQ. Zelizer, Viviana A. (1985). Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children. Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Report summarizing preliminary ethnographic research on aging in Highland Peru.

AbstractIn this article I examine gratitude and ingratitude as valuable analytical tools for determining how social inequalities inform kinship practices. Accusing one's kin of ingratitude reveals the edges and fault lines of kinship, as well as closely related expectations aboutwhatshould be given,howit should be given, and how it should bereceived. As such, this essay follows in an esteemed anthropological tradition of unifying analyses of the gift and of kinship. It argues that expressions of and talk about gratitude and ingratitude closely index dimensions of social relations such as gender, generation, and social class, and simultaneously reveal tensions within kinship relations where duty and obligation are contested. Ethnographic examples are drawn from fieldwork in Ayacucho, a small city in the Peruvian Andes, where informal fostering and the fraught relations between grown children and their aging parents provide two related arenas for expressions of ideas about gratitude and ingratitude. Analyzing these two examples, I argue for gratitude and ingratitude as analytical heuristics, useful to identify and focus upon dimensions of relations understood to fall within the domain of kinship, and potentially useful in other settings as well.

Migration from Peru has increased dramatically over the past decade, but the social and relational repercussions of these transnational movements have not yet been fully explored. Examination of the way migrants manage their responsibilities to dependent kin in Peru reveals that child fostering makes it possible for adults to migrate in search of better work opportunities by ensuring care for their children and company for their older relatives. For Peruvians engaging in labor migration, child fostering tempers some of the challenges of continuing to participate in established social networks from a distance.